JMIDH follows the ICMJE criteria. Every author must have made substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work, or the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data; drafted the work or critically revised it for important intellectual content; approved the final version to be published; and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. All four criteria must be met.

People who contributed but do not meet all four criteria — for example software developers who wrote code but did not take part in the scientific work, data engineers, annotators who labelled images or text, clinical staff who used a system, or heads of department — should be acknowledged by name with their permission. Large annotation or clinical teams may be listed in a supplementary appendix.

Contributor roles and ORCID

A CRediT author contribution statement is required, including the roles Software, Data curation and Validation where relevant. An ORCID iD is mandatory for the corresponding author and recommended for all authors.

Not acceptable

Gift, guest or honorary authorship; ghost authorship, including undisclosed writers or company staff; buying or selling authorship; and listing AI tools or language models as authors.

Changes in authorship

Any change to the author list after submission requires a written reason and signed agreement from all authors, including any author being removed. Changes after acceptance are made only in exceptional circumstances. Authorship disputes are referred to the authors’ institutions, following COPE guidance.